History

The Reformation in Ireland was initiated by King Henry VIII in the 1530s due to his desire for a marriage annulment and subsequent break from Papal authority, leading him to assert royal supremacy over the Church. By 1542, the Irish Parliament, at Henry's command, declared him head of ...

The Radical Reformation emerged in 16th-century Germany and Switzerland as a fervent response to perceived corruption within both the Catholic Church and the nascent Magisterial Protestant movements. It gave rise to diverse radical Protestant groups, most notably the Anabaptists, including the Hutterites and Mennonites, alongside figur...

During the Middle Ages, from the 5th to the 16th century AD, Western Europe experienced a significant expansion in its mining industry, which was fundamental to the growth of its civilization and economy. Notable early mines, such as those at Goslar in the Harz mountains and Falun in Sweden, became operational by the 10th century, prov...

The Belgian monarchy is a constitutional and hereditary institution, with the monarch titled "King/Queen of the Belgians" serving as head of state and commander-in-chief. Established after Belgium gained independence in 1830, the National Congress appointed Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld as Leopold I, the first King, who took his oath...

The Zengid dynasty, a powerful Turkoman Sunni Muslim Atabegate, emerged in 1127 under the Seljuk Empire, eventually controlling significant parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. Its founder, Imad ad-Din Zengi, became a celebrated hero in the Islamic world after capturing the Crusader County of Edessa in 1144. His successor, Nur ad...

The Albanian Renaissance, also known as the Arbëresh Renaissance, was a significant cultural and political movement in Albania spanning the 15th to 17th centuries, influenced by the Italian Renaissance and propagated through Adriatic coastal cities. This period fostered advancements in Albanian art, literature, educati...

An industrial musical was a unique theatrical production created internally by businesses for their employees or shareholders, primarily to boost morale, educate, and motivate staff to improve sales and loyalty. Evolving from early 20th-century company anthems (like IBM's "Songs of the IBM"), these full-scale corporate...

The Russian conquest of Siberia, a pivotal early European colonial campaign, unfolded from 1581 to 1778, largely driven by adventurous Cossack explorers. It traditionally began in July 1581 when Yermak Timofeyevich led a force into the territory of the Sibir Khanate, r...

The Ethiopian Revolution was a period of intense civil and military upheaval that began on January 12, 1974, with soldier rebellions and widespread protests against the weakened government of Emperor Haile Selassie. A diverse coalition of junior army officers, students, teachers, taxi drivers, and labor unions joined s...

The Fort Ancient culture was a significant Native American archaeological group that flourished in the Ohio River valley from approximately 1000 to 1750 CE, existing as a distinct "sister culture" to the Mississippian people. They are notably credited with introducing maize agriculture to Ohio and constructing well-organized villages w...

The Army of Conquest (Jaish al-Fatah) was a significant joint command center of Sunni Islamist Syrian rebel factions, formed in March 2015 under the coordination of Saudi cleric Abdullah al-Muhaysini during the Syrian Civil War. Described by some as an "al-Qaeda led coalition" aiming for an "Islamic state," its core me...

The "Republic of Taiwan" (ROT) refers to a proposed independent republican state, distinct from the Republic of China (ROC), advocating for the self-determination of the Taiwanese people. Its roots trace back to the Japanese colonial period, with calls for its establishment emerging among independence activists in the 1920s, following ...