Philosophy
Articles in this category
Jewish existentialism
Jewish existentialism explores fundamental questions about God's existence and the meaning of human life, approaching them through a unique Jewish theological and cultural lens. Its roots are found in biblical texts like the Books of Job and Ecclesiastes, which delve into suffering, the purpose of evil...
Critical rationalism
Here is a comprehensive summary of the Wikipedia article on Critical Rationalism:
Karl Popper developed Critical Rationalism, an epistemological philosophy asserting that progress in scientific and general problem-solving comes from proposing bold, non-deducible ideas that are then rigorously criticized. Popper, who coined the t...
Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a foundational branch of philosophy, described by figures like Aristotle as "first philosophy," that profoundly examines the fundamental structure of reality itself. It delves into a wide array of abstract concepts, including the nature of existence, the distinction between unique particulars and shared...
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of Religion: An Objective Inquiry into Religious Concepts
Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of core themes and concepts found in religious traditions, distinguishing itself from theology by approaching these subjects from an objective philosophical perspective, rather than from w...
Computational epistemology
Computational epistemology is a specialized subdiscipline of formal epistemology that investigates the inherent complexity of inductive reasoning, drawing an analogy to how recursion theory relates to deduction. It views scientific discovery, prediction, and assessment as effective procedures or algorithms
Quasi-empiricism in mathematics
Quasi-empiricism in mathematics is a philosophical approach that redirects attention from abstract foundational issues to the actual practice of mathematics, particularly its close relationships with physics, social sciences, and computational fields. In 1960, Eugene Wigner famously noted the "unreasonable effectiveness" of mathematics...
Neostoicism
Neostoicism was a significant philosophical movement that emerged in the late 16th century, primarily founded by the Flemish humanist Justus Lipsius (1547–1606). It aimed to synthesize classical Stoic ethics—drawing heavily from Seneca the Younger and Epictetus—with Christian principles, notably by rej...
Neopragmatism
Neopragmatism is a 20th-century philosophical movement that reinterprets classical pragmatism, asserting that language is primarily a problem-solving tool and that many traditional philosophical problems arise from contingent vocabularies. It stands in direct opposition to foundationalism, essentialism, and the correspondence theory of...
Philosophy of language
The philosophy of language investigates the fundamental nature of language, exploring its connection to users and the world, and delving into concepts like meaning, reference, and thought. This field saw a pivotal "linguistic turn" in analytic philosophy, largely driven by figures like Gottlob Frege and Bertran...
Materialism
Materialism is a philosophical monism asserting that matter is the fundamental substance of nature, with all phenomena, including mental states and consciousness, being results of material interactions. This directly contrasts with idealism, which posits consciousness as fundamental. Closely related to physicalism—a modern evolution in...
Essays in Radical Empiricism
Essays in Radical Empiricism (ERE) is a significant collection of philosophical writings by William James, posthumously published in 1912 by his colleague and biographer, Ralph Barton Perry. The book was primarily assembled from ten journal articles James had published between 1904 and 1905, which he originally deposit...
Dialectical materialism
Dialectical Materialism: A Marxist Philosophy
Dialectical materialism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of real-world conditions and the presence of inherent contradictions within social relations. Proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it is rooted in the writings of Georg Wilhelm ...