Jewish existentialism explores fundamental questions about God's existence and the meaning of human life, approaching them through a unique Jewish theological and cultural lens. Its roots are found in biblical texts like the Books of Job and Ecclesiastes, which delve into suffering, the purpose of evil, and the apparent futility of life, establishing a rich tradition of existential inquiry. The 20th century saw its significant development, particularly in post-Holocaust theology and discussions of theodicy, championed by figures such as Martin Buber, Abraham Joshua Heschel, and Emil Fackenheim.

Many scholars argue that Jewish thought profoundly shaped modern existentialism, emphasizing a "man of faith" who understands God through passionate experience rather than detached reason, contrasting sharply with ancient Greek rationalism. This perspective delves into core human conditions like uneasiness, sinfulness, and finitude, recognizing the impossibility of transcending the world solely through intellect.