Philosophy of Religion: An Objective Inquiry into Religious Concepts

Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of core themes and concepts found in religious traditions, distinguishing itself from theology by approaching these subjects from an objective philosophical perspective, rather than from within a specific religious conviction. This ancient field, whose discussions appear in the earliest known philosophical texts from both Eastern and Western cultures, explores fundamental questions such as the nature of ultimate reality, the existence of God or gods, the problem of good and evil, and the relationship between faith, reason, and experience.

While early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley addressed religious topics, the term "philosophy of religion" gained general use in the West only in the 19th century. Today, it covers a wide array of subjects including religious experience, the interplay between science and religion, miracles, mysticism, and the ethical implications of religious commitments. Although historically considered a part of metaphysics (as seen in Aristotle's "unmoved mover"), it is now largely regarded as a distinct specialization that can be pursued impartially by both believers and non-believers.