Psychology

Individual Psychology

Individual psychology, founded by Alfred Adler, is a psychological approach that focuses on the individual as an indivisible entity within their social environment. Adler broke away from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic school, rejecting the idea of childhood sexuality as the driving force be...

The Journal of Abnormal Psychology

The Journal of Abnormal Psychology (JAP), previously known as "Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology," is a highly esteemed academic journal from the American Psychological Association (APA). Established over 110 years ago, JAP is a leading platform for research in psychopathology. Its fo...

Jungian Archetypes

Jungian archetypes refer to universal, inherited mental patterns or images that exist in the shared unconscious of humanity, influencing thoughts, behaviors, and experiences. They are considered innate predispositions that manifest differently in individuals and cultures. Some notable archetyp...

Therapeutic Relationship in Psychotherapy

The therapeutic relationship refers to the connection between a healthcare professional and a client or patient. It serves as a medium for engaging and facilitating beneficial changes within the client. In psychoanalysis, this relationship is conceptualized as a combinat...

Crowd Psychology

Crowd psychology examines the unique behaviors and thought processes of individuals within a crowd compared to their behavior when alone. Deindividuation and the illusion of universality increase as crowds grow larger.

Types of Crowds

Crowds can be classified based on their purpose (casual, con...

Summary of Autobiographical Memory

Autobiographical memory is a complex system that encompasses our memories of personal experiences. It consists of episodes recollected from our lives, based on a combination of episodic memory (specific personal experiences) and semantic memory (general knowledge and facts). Au...

The Evolutionary Psychology of Religion

Evolutionary psychology explores the origins and functions of religious beliefs and practices from an evolutionary perspective. It suggests that the human brain's structure predisposes us to engage in religious behavior, which may have provided certain survival and reprodu...

Developmental Psychology: A Comprehensive Summary

Definition: Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how humans develop, change, and adapt throughout their lifespan. It examines changes in three main dimensions: physical development, cognitive development, and social-emotional devel...

Defense Mechanisms: Protecting the Psyche from Distress

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological processes employed to shield the self from anxiety-inducing thoughts and emotions arising from internal conflicts or external stressors. They serve as psychological buffers to safeguard mental well-being.

Psychological Adaptation

Psychological adaptation refers to functional traits that benefit an organism's survival or reproduction in its environment. These traits, known as evolved psychological mechanisms (EPMs), arise from evolutionary processes and include both innate instincts and learned behaviors. EPMs are...

Test Validity

Test validity measures the accuracy of a test in assessing what it is intended to measure. In psychological and educational testing, validity refers to the extent that evidence supports the interpretations of test scores and their intended use. While classical models classified validity into conten...