Psychology

Kidnapping is defined as the illegal abduction and confinement of a person against their will, distinguished from false imprisonment by the intentional movement of the victim. A primary motivation for this serious crime is demanding a ransom, often carried out by criminal gangs, terrorist organizations, or insurgent groups seeking fina...

Disorders of consciousness (DoCs) are medical conditions that impede a person's ability to be fully self-aware. This category primarily encompasses conditions like minimally conscious state (MCS), persistent vegetative state (PVS), and sometimes locked-in syndrome (LIS) and chronic coma. While conditions such as dementia, delirium, or ...

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Wikipedia article on Activities of Daily Living (ADLs):

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are fundamental self-care tasks used by healthcare professionals to assess an individual's functional status and ability to live independently. First proposed by Sidney Katz in the 1950s, this concept ...

Physical activity encompasses any movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy, including both planned exercise and incidental daily actions like walking or cleaning. While "exercise" is a structured and purposeful subcategory, physical activity broadly covers all movement, playing a crucial role in improving physical, me...

The term "Activity" is remarkably versatile, encompassing a broad spectrum of meanings across numerous disciplines and everyday contexts. It commonly describes human behavior, ranging from general human actions and economic endeavors to recreational pursuits and cultural practices. In scientific fields, "activity" takes on precise defi...

Sarcasm is the caustic, often humorous, use of words to mock or ridicule, originating from the Ancient Greek "sarkázein," meaning "to tear flesh or sneer," and first recorded in English in 1579. Primarily distinguished by vocal inflection or extreme disproportion to the situation, it often employs irony but always involves the speaker'...

"Outrage" primarily denotes a powerful emotion and, in legal contexts, can refer to the intentional infliction of emotional distress. This evocative term has also been widely adopted across various forms of media and entertainment, leading to a diverse array of cultural references. In literature, it titles works such as Henry Denker's ...

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistical index developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and utilized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure and rank countries' development beyond purely economic metrics. Its explicit purpose is to shift the focus of development economics from national in...

False Memory Syndrome (FMS) was a proposed "pattern of beliefs and behaviors" where an individual's identity and relationships centered on strongly believed, yet contested, false memories of psychological trauma. Conceptualized by the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, FMS aimed to describe behaviors arising from "recov...

Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is a humanistic approach to psychotherapy designed to resolve emotional and relationship issues for individuals, couples, and families. Developed in the mid-1980s by Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg, EFT uniquely combines experiential the...

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), developed by psychologist Icek Ajzen in 1985, is a psychological model that links an individual's beliefs to their behavior. It significantly improved upon the earlier Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) by introducing the crucial component of "perceived behavioral control." TPB proposes that an indivi...

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, introduced in his 1905 work "Three Essay on the Theory of Sexuality," posits that personality forms through a series of childhood stages. In these stages, pleasure-seeking energies become focused on distinct "erogenous zones" of the body. The five pro...