Ethnic nationalism in Japan (minzoku shugi) involves both the dominant Yamato people and various ethnic minorities. Historically, Yamato nationalism during the Empire of Japan promoted racial superiority, which later contributed to Zainichi Koreans being denied citizenship post-1945, and it continues to manifest as xenophobia today, with politicians like Taro Aso controversially describing Japan as "one minzoku" or race. In contrast, Ainu nationalism asserts the rights of the indigenous Ainu people over ancestral lands, with the Ainu Party advocating for cultural recognition and political change. Similarly, Okinawan nationalism developed from the Ryukyuan people's distinct identity, initially opposing Japan's annexation of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Modern Okinawan nationalism frequently critiques the presence of US military bases, such as MCAS Futenma, reflecting a desire among some Ryukyuan nationalists for greater autonomy or even full independence from Japan.