Summary of Oncology
Oncology is a medical specialty focused on the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer. The term "oncology" originates from the Greek word "ónkos," meaning "tumor" or "mass."
Diagnosis: Oncologists employ a range of diagnostic methods, including biopsies, endoscopies, imaging techniques (e.g., mammograms, CT scans), and blood tests. Biopsy remains the gold standard for cancer diagnosis, providing valuable information for treatment planning.
Therapy: Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of cancer. Surgery is often used to remove tumors, while chemotherapy and radiotherapy are employed as primary or adjuvant therapies. Hormone manipulation, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapy are also utilized in specific cases. Palliative care plays a crucial role in managing symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced or incurable cancer.
Ethical Considerations: Oncology practice raises ethical dilemmas terkait patient information disclosure, clinical trial participation, withdrawal of treatment, and end-of-life issues. Sensitivity and open communication are vital for addressing these concerns in collaboration with patients and their families.
Progress and Research: Oncology is experiencing rapid advancements driven by research in areas such as cancer cell biology, genetic markers, and personalized medicine. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the understanding of cancer, leading to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Technical Language Summary
Biopsy: A procedure that involves removing a sample of suspicious tissue for microscopic examination to determine the presence of cancer.
Endoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera on its end to visualize internal organs and collect tissue samples for biopsy.
Imaging Techniques: These include mammograms, X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, which are used to locate and guide biopsies as well as assess tumor size, location, and spread.
Chemotherapy: A systemic treatment that uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells throughout the body.
Radiotherapy: A localized treatment that uses high-energy radiation to shrink or destroy tumors.
Palliative Care: A specialized approach that focuses on managing symptoms, improving quality of life, and providing psychological and social support to patients with advanced or incurable cancer.
Genetic Markers: Specific DNA sequences that are associated with the development of particular types of cancer and can guide treatment decisions.
Personalized Medicine: A treatment strategy that tailors therapies to the specific genetic and molecular characteristics of an individual's cancer.