Collectivist anarchism, pioneered by Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin within the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), is a school of thought advocating for the collective ownership of the means of production. It uniquely emphasizes workers' entitlement to the full fruits of their own labor, a key distinction from anarcho-communism's "from each according to their needs" principle. Proponents believed trade unions would facilitate a social revolution to establish this post-capitalist society.

This ideology gained substantial traction, particularly in the early Spanish anarchist movement starting around 1868, where its principles inspired organizations like the Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA and later the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (established 1881). Despite its initial widespread appeal and strong influence in Spain, collectivist anarchism was eventually supplanted as the dominant tendency by anarcho-communism towards the end of the 19th century.