During the Middle Ages, from the 5th to the 16th century AD, Western Europe experienced a significant expansion in its mining industry, which was fundamental to the growth of its civilization and economy. Notable early mines, such as those at Goslar in the Harz mountains and Falun in Sweden, became operational by the 10th century, providing essential resources like copper. This burgeoning industry was driven by increasing demand, readily available ores, and crucial innovations like water-powered machinery and enhanced smelting methods, which dramatically improved productivity and metal quality.
While the early medieval period saw a decline in metal output, by the late 9th century, a growing need for metals in agriculture and warfare spurred renewed interest. Central political powers and regional authorities, including rulers like Emperor Otto I in the 960s, actively encouraged mining—especially for precious metals—leading to the establishment of new sites predominantly in German regions. The High Middle Ages (11th-13th centuries) further propelled this development, transitioning to large-scale production to meet the demands of a growing population for construction, trade, and monumental projects like Gothic churches.