Stock Characters: Literary Devices and Genre Identifiers
Stock characters, also known as character archetypes, are characters that appear across various narratives, often recognized by their familiar traits and roles. They simplify and flatten characters, making them easily identifiable and predictable. Due to their familiarity, they can be employed as time-saving shortcuts for story creators, and they facilitate audience comprehension and expectations. Stock characters can enhance narrative elements such as suspense, irony, or plot twists when expectations are subverted.
Stock Characters vs. Archetypes and Stereotypes
While often confused, stock characters differ from archetypes, stereotypes, and clichés. Archetypes are the fundamental building blocks for characters, such as the hero or the mentor. Stock characters are specific manifestations of archetypes, such as the damsel in distress or the wise fool. Stereotypes and clichés, on the other hand, are negative terms associated with simplistic or offensive representations. Stock characters, when used effectively, can avoid these pitfalls by providing nuance and avoiding cultural insensitivity.
Stock Characters in American Film and Television
Stock characters have been prevalent in American popular culture, particularly in films and television, where they fulfill various roles, from non-speaking extras to supporting characters. Over time, the types of stock characters have evolved to reflect societal changes. For example, 1930s films featured cigarette girls, while 1990s films introduced homeless "bag ladies" and business women. Stock characters often reflect racial and ethnic stereotypes, which have come under increasing scrutiny and have been replaced with more nuanced representations.
The Use of Stock Characters in Television
Television show writers frequently rely on stock characters due to production constraints and the need for quick scripting. Stock characters allow for efficient communication with the audience. In the 1990s, sitcoms introduced gay stock characters, seen as a positive step in LGBT representation on screen. However, concerns have been raised about the limited integration of these characters into the narrative and their portrayal as mere "sidekicks." Additionally, stock character usage in television has been criticized for perpetuating racial stereotypes, particularly in the portrayal of police chiefs in 1980s and 1990s shows.