History of Fashion Design
Fashion design specifically refers to the purpose and intent behind clothing, shoes, accessories, and their design and construction. In the 19th century, Charles Frederick Worth established the modern industry centered around design houses run by individual designers.
Before the mid-19th century, haute couture (high fashion) was not distinct from ready-to-wear clothing, and women's garments were mostly made-to-measure by dressmakers and seamstresses. Printed designs, particularly from Paris, were widely circulated and used as inspiration by these artisans.
In the 20th century, magazines and later newspapers with rotogravure sections became influential, showcasing fashion and beauty trends to a wider audience. Talented illustrators such as Paul Iribe and George Barbier created striking images for these publications.
Notable Fashion Designers
19th Century
- Rose Bertin: Known as the "Minister of Fashion," she was the dressmaker to Marie Antoinette.
- Charles Frederick Worth: Recognized as the first designer in the modern sense, operating a large business with numerous anonymous tailors and seamstresses.
20th Century
- Coco Chanel: Known for her little black dress, use of jersey knit for women's clothing, and popularization of costume jewelry.
- Elsa Schiaparelli: Known for her surreal and innovative designs, often inspired by art and nature.
- Christian Dior: His "New Look" of 1947 revived the feminine silhouette and set a dominant trend in postwar fashion.
- Yves Saint Laurent: Revolutionized women's fashion by introducing masculine styles and exploring cultural and historical themes.
- Pierre Cardin: Known for his futurist designs and use of geometric shapes.
21st Century
- Rei Kawakubo: Founder of the Japanese label Comme des Garçons, known for her avant-garde and conceptual designs.
- Marc Jacobs: American designer known for his eclectic and innovative collections.
- Alexander McQueen: Known for his theatrical and provocative designs that often explored the dark side of fashion.
Fashion Trends and Movements
- Belle Époque (1871–1914): Ornate and upholstered styles.
- Roaring Twenties (1920s): Short skirts, bobbed hair, and androgynous fashion.
- 1930s: Return to more conservative styles, with a focus on elegance and sophistication.
- 1950s: Return to traditional feminine silhouettes, with full skirts and cinched waists.
- 1960s: Rise of youth culture and counterculture, with bold colors, miniskirts, and experimental designs.
- 1970s: Eclectic mix of styles, including glam rock, punk, and bohemian influences.
- 1980s: Excess and power dressing, with broad shoulders, padded garments, and high heels.
- 1990s: Minimalism and grunge, with a shift towards casual and functional clothing.
- 21st Century: Diverse and evolving trends, with influences from streetwear, sustainability, and technology.