Barbershop Vocal Harmony
Characteristics:
Barbershop vocal harmony is a four-part a cappella style featuring consonant chords for each melody note and a focus on "ringing" chords. The four parts are lead, tenor, baritone, and bass. It emphasizes clear lyrics, understandable melodies, and certain chords that create a unique auditory effect. The hallmark of barbershop style is the "barbershop seventh" chord, which is considered the defining element of the genre.
Historical Origins:
The exact origins of barbershop music are uncertain, but it is believed to have emerged in the 19th century among African American quartets. Later, white minstrel singers adopted the style, and in the early 20th century, it became popular through recordings by quartets such as the Haydn Quartet. The modern era of barbershop music is generally traced to a revival in the 1940s, sparked by the efforts of Owen C. Cash and Rupert I. Hall.
Organizations:
Barbershop music is promoted through organizations such as the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS), Sweet Adelines International (SAI), and Harmony, Incorporated (HI). These organizations hold competitions, provide education and training, and promote the preservation and performance of barbershop music.
Performance Groups:
Barbershop music is typically performed by quartets or choruses. Quartets consist of four singers with one on each voice part, while choruses sing with a director and can range in size from 12 to hundreds of members. Barbershop quartets and choruses perform a variety of music, from traditional barbershop songs to contemporary tunes.
Ringing Chords:
The unique sound of barbershop music is produced by "ringing chords," which are created when certain overtones in the voices reinforce each other. This effect requires perfect tuning and specific chord voicings. The creation of ringing chords is a key goal of barbershop singers, and it distinguishes barbershop harmony from other a cappella styles.
Impact and Legacy:
Barbershop music has a devoted following and has played a significant role in American popular music. It has influenced jazz, gospel, and other musical genres. The genre continues to evolve, with new arrangements and contemporary influences being incorporated into barbershop performance.