Overview and History
Lesbian literature explores lesbian themes and experiences and includes poetry, fiction, and non-fiction works. Lesbian-themed works by heterosexual authors are also considered lesbian literature.
The earliest known lesbian works date back to Sappho's poetry, which expressed her love for women. In the Middle Ages, European texts featured lesbian themes, but the term "lesbian" did not exist. By the 19th century, lesbian writers like Vernon Lee hinted at lesbianism or wrote from the perspective of men.
1900-1950: Early Development
In 1928, Radclyffe Hall's "The Well of Loneliness" became the first recognized lesbian novel. It faced censorship due to its depiction of lesbian relationships. Other notable works from this period include Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood" and Virginia Woolf's "Orlando."
1950-1970: Pulp Fiction and Beyond
Lesbian pulp fiction became popular in the 1950s and 60s, with authors like Tereska Torrès and Ann Bannon. Patricia Highsmith's "The Price of Salt" was groundbreaking for its happy ending. Jane Rule's "Desert of the Heart" also gained recognition.
1970 to Present: Feminism and Diversification
Feminism and the rise of LGBTQ rights in the 1970s influenced lesbian literature. Works like Rita Mae Brown's "Rubyfruit Jungle" and Audre Lorde's poetry explored lesbian identity and the lesbian experience. Genre literature, including science fiction and mystery, incorporated lesbian themes.
In recent decades, lesbian literature has further diversified, with works exploring intersectional identities and challenges faced by LGBTQ individuals. Notable contemporary authors include Jeanette Winterson and Dorothy Allison.
Young Adult Fiction
Lesbian-themed young adult novels have emerged since the 1970s. Nancy Garden's "Annie on My Mind" (1982) was a significant step forward for the genre. In the 2000s and beyond, lesbian-themed young adult novels have become more widely accepted and explore diverse experiences.
Publishers
Several publishers specialize in lesbian fiction, including Bella Books, Bywater Books, and Flashpoint Publications. Smaller publishers exist, as well as feminist presses that include lesbian fiction.
Notable Authors and Works
Numerous lesbian authors have made significant contributions to literature. Some notable authors include:
- Sappho
- Vernon Lee
- Radclyffe Hall
- Djuna Barnes
- Virginia Woolf
- Patricia Highsmith
- Jane Rule
- Rita Mae Brown
- Audre Lorde
- Jeanette Winterson
- Dorothy Allison