Ottoman clothing was a vital aspect of the empire's cultural identity, reflecting its diverse population and serving as a clear indicator of status, occupation, and religion. Early on, elaborate sumptuary laws were strictly enforced, particularly under Suleiman the Magnificent, regulating attire for different social classes, religious communities, and officials. Men commonly wore items like 'kaftans' and 'şalvar', while women's indoor wear included a 'gömlek' and 'zıbın', with an essential 'ferace' and veils for outdoor modesty.

Significant modernization began with Mahmud II (1808-1839), who replaced the traditional 'sarık' with the 'fez' and mandated Westernized uniforms for the military and state officials in a bid to modernize. By the 19th-century Tanzimat period, Western fashion, particularly from Paris, heavily influenced the wealthy in centers like Istanbul and İzmir, with Pera becoming a major fashion hub, showcasing a stark contrast with traditional wear.