Edinburgh Zoo, which opened in Corstorphine, Edinburgh on 22 July 1913, was founded by solicitor Thomas Haining Gillespie after an earlier city zoo failed in 1857. Inspired by Carl Hagenbeck's revolutionary methods, the zoo became the only one in the UK incorporated by royal charter and the first in the world to house and breed penguins—its famous penguin parade has delighted visitors since the 1950s. Its history includes remarkable stories, such as harbouring Wojtek, a Polish military bear, after World War II, and seeing a king penguin adopted by the Norwegian military in 1972. In the 21st century, the zoo briefly shut during the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak, faced threats from the Animal Liberation Front in 2005, and began an ambitious redevelopment plan in 2000. Today it remains a pioneering institution, owned by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland.