IPTV (Internet Protocol television) delivers television services over IP networks, typically run by telecom providers, offering both live broadcasts (via multicast) and video-on-demand (via unicast). It gained traction in the 2000s alongside broadband expansion, requires a set-top box to decode MPEG streams, and is distinct from over-the-top (OTT) services like streaming apps. Standardized by organizations such as ETSI and ITU-T, IPTV saw notable success in Western Europe, where pay IPTV users overtook pay satellite TV users in 2015. The technology became feasible in the early 1990s thanks to two key breakthroughs: motion-compensated DCT video compression (used in H.26x and MPEG formats) and ADSL data transmission. Together, these innovations reduced the required bandwidth for a digital TV signal from around 200 Mbit/s to about 2 Mbit/s while boosting copper telephone line capacity, making quality video delivery over existing infrastructure practical.