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An internet outage (or blackout) is a complete or partial failure of internet services, triggered by everything from censorship and cyberattacks to natural disasters and government actions, with regions relying on few high-capacity submarine cables being especially vulnerable. The internet's "hub-like" core structure makes it robust against random failures but fragile to targeted attacks on key nodes, and researchers warn that a solar superstorm could trigger months-long global outages. The longest nationwide shutdown in history is the 2026 Internet blackout in Iran, while government-imposed shutdowns are most common in India, where state governments—particularly those led by the BJP—frequently use them to suppress protests and manage unrest. Military forces also cut civilian internet access as a form of information warfare, often in concert with ground invasions or airstrikes, while natural disasters like hurricanes and cyclones can destroy local infrastructure. Finally, cyberattacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) and routing attacks target servers and core routing systems, overwhelming networks or manipulating traffic to cause widespread disruption.