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On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, escalating a conflict that had simmered since 2014 and igniting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II. The invasion has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties, tens of thousands of civilian deaths, and displaced millions, with Russian forces currently occupying roughly 20% of Ukraine. After an initial assault toward Kyiv was repelled, Russia shifted its focus to the Donbas, eventually capturing Mariupol, while Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in late 2022 that liberated Kherson and most of Kharkiv Oblast; more recently, fighting has evolved with Ukraine's 2024 incursion into Russia's Kursk Oblast. The invasion drew global condemnation, leading to sweeping sanctions, military and humanitarian aid for Ukraine, and widespread protests, while the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Putin and other officials over alleged war crimes and the abduction of children. The war's staggering economic and environmental toll is estimated at over $450 billion in direct Russian costs and $588 billion for Ukraine's reconstruction, while disruptions to agriculture have worsened the world food crisis and triggered allegations of ecocide. Peace negotiations remain stalled, as Russia continues to reject all calls for a ceasefire.