5G New Radio (5G NR) is the global radio access technology standard for 5G networks, developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and based on OFDM, similar to 4G LTE. It operates across two main frequency ranges: FR1 (410 MHz–7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25–71 GHz), with base stations known as gNodeBs. The standardization process began in 2015, with the first specifications released in 2017, and the first commercial launch by Ooredoo in Qatar in May 2018. 5G NR can be deployed in non-standalone (NSA) mode, which relies on existing 4G LTE for control functions, or standalone (SA) mode with a new 5G core, and also supports dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) to multiplex spectrum between LTE and 5G. The technology has evolved through 3GPP releases: Release 15 (2018) was Phase 1, Release 16 (2020) was Phase 2, Release 17 was delayed to 2022 due to COVID-19, and Release 18 ("NR Advanced") is introducing features like extended reality (XR), AI/ML, and lower-layer mobility enhancements. Since 2019, many operators have deployed 5G NR networks, and handset makers have produced compatible devices, making it the foundation of modern mobile connectivity.