Air rage refers to aggressive or violent behavior by passengers or crew during a flight, often triggered by excessive alcohol consumption or the psychological stresses of air travel, such as jet lag, delays, or fear of flying. The first documented case occurred in 1947 on a flight from Havana to Miami, but offenders often escaped punishment until the 1963 Tokyo Convention established that the aircraft's registration country's laws take precedence. Incidents have risen sharply since the International Air Transport Association (IATA) began tracking them in 2007, with the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) reporting a 33% increase on European flights between 2017 and 2018—meaning a safety-compromising incident occurred every three hours. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a notable uptick was driven by disputes over federal mask mandates, prompting Dutch airlines KLM and Transavia to create a joint blacklist for banned passengers in September 2022. Experts also link the rise to visible inequality between seat classes and the deterioration of economy-class amenities, which can escalate into costly diversions or unscheduled landings. While rarely terrorist acts, such behavior is taken more seriously post-9/11 due to the potential for interference with flight controls.