Ayn Rand (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum, 1905–1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher best known for creating the philosophical system Objectivism. After emigrating from Russia to the United States in 1926, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel The Fountainhead and cemented her legacy with her best-selling 1957 work Atlas Shrugged. Her philosophy championed reason over faith, rational self-interest (egoism) over altruism, and laissez-faire capitalism, while condemning the initiation of force and rejecting religion. Although she opposed libertarianism, which she viewed as anarchism, her ideas have significantly influenced right-libertarian and conservative political movements, and her books have sold over 37 million copies. While her fiction received mixed literary reviews and academic philosophers have largely dismissed her work for lacking methodological rigor, the Objectivist movement continues to promote her ideas today.