The Nile Delta in Lower Egypt is one of the world's largest deltas, spanning about 240 km (150 mi) of Mediterranean coastline from Alexandria to Port Said and extending roughly 160 km (100 mi) south from Cairo. Though ancient records (like Ptolemy's) listed seven distributaries, today only two main branches—the Damietta and the Rosetta—remain, while the delta faces modern challenges like coastal erosion and rising salinity since the Aswan Dam (1970) blocked upstream sediments, reducing soil fertility. With a history of intensive farming spanning over five millennia, the region is packed with archaeological treasures, including the Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 at the port city of Rosetta. In 2019, underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio and his team uncovered a sunken Greek temple, bronze coins from Ptolemy II, and ships at the ancient city of Heracleion, while another excavation at Kom Al-Khelgan revealed tombs from the Second Intermediate Period and Naqada II era. These discoveries, from ancient Egyptian burials to Hellenistic-era relics, underscore the delta's role as a cradle of civilization and a key site for ongoing historical research.