Physical Oceanography: Unveiling the Ocean's Dynamics

Physical oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean's physical conditions and processes, focusing on water motions and properties. This vital discipline explores how the oceans, which hold an astounding 97% of Earth's water, profoundly influence our planet. They play a crucial role in moderating global climate due to their immense heat capacity and are the primary source of atmospheric water vapor.

Despite an average depth of 3,800 meters, the vast majority of ocean water (around 75%) is cold, typically ranging from 0-5°C, with a salinity often between 34 and 35 parts per thousand. However, surface temperatures vary dramatically, from below freezing near the poles to 35°C in restricted tropical seas. These variations in temperature and salinity create distinct vertical layers—such as the surface mixed layer, the thermocline, and the deep abyss—which are fundamental to understanding ocean circulation and density stratification.