Modern efforts are underway to revive ancient Roman polytheism, often referred to as religio romana or "the Roman way to the gods," seeking to re-establish traditional cults. Historically, pockets of paganism persisted long after the Roman Empire's official Christianization. The isolated Maniots in Greece, for instance, were among the last Greeks to fully convert, maintaining pagan traditions until the 9th-12th centuries despite efforts like those of Byzantine monk Nikon "the Metanoite" in the 10th century.
Further east, the city of Harran in Mesopotamia remained a significant pagan center well into the early Islamic period, even serving as the capital for the Umayyad Caliphate from 744-750 under Marwan II. Here, a unique blend of Mesopotamian paganism and Neoplatonism flourished as a scholarly and cultural hub, persisting into the 10th century despite periodic decrees enforcing conversion to Islam. These historical examples highlight the remarkable endurance of pre-Christian faiths in remote or strategically important regions.