Management is the crucial process of administering organizations, whether businesses, non-profits, or government bodies, by effectively managing their resources. It typically involves a three-tiered hierarchical structure: senior management sets strategic goals, middle management communicates these, and line managers oversee daily operations and employees. The English term "management" originated in the 1590s, evolving from 15th-century French and Latin roots that originally referred to "handling" or "directing," often in an equestrian context. Influential figures like Henri Fayol defined management as forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling, while Peter Drucker emphasized marketing and innovation as its core tasks. This vital discipline is extensively taught in colleges and universities, with an increasing focus on evidence-based practices in recent decades.