Trait Theory in Psychology
Trait theory is an approach to understanding personality that emphasizes the measurement of stable and consistent patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Traits are believed to influence behavior and differ across individuals. Unlike states, which are more temporary dispositions, traits are relatively enduring and context-independent.
History and Definitions
Gordon Allport proposed the concept of "cardinal" and "central" traits, which dominate and characterize individuals, respectively. Later, Hans Eysenck introduced the "three-factor model" (EPQ), proposing that personality is reducible to neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism. Currently, the "five-factor model" (Big Five) is widely accepted, encompassing neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Cross-Cultural Use
Trait theory acknowledges cultural differences in meaning and expression of traits. However, it attempts to separate culture from individual traits by focusing on their hierarchical organization. Anthropologists have also recognized the relevance of trait theory in understanding cultural variations.
EPQ vs. Big Five
Both EPQ and Big Five use self-report questionnaires and aim to construct orthogonal factors. However, they differ in the number and organization of factors. EPQ includes psychoticism, which is not present in the Big Five model. The three-factor model also offers a causal explanation based on brain properties, while the five-factor model assumes genetic and environmental influences without explicit causality.
Lower-Order Factors and Causality
Lower-order factors within extraversion include sociability, activity levels, and assertiveness. Psychoticism incorporates elements from openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The three-factor approach emphasizes fewer high-order factors, while the Big Five approach offers a broader spectrum of traits. Despite their common descriptive nature, the EPQ proposes causal explanations based on brain physiology, linking extraversion and neuroticism to levels of arousal in specific neural systems.