Physical Geography
Australia, the world's smallest continent, encompasses diverse biogeographic regions. Its vast expanse includes snow-capped mountains, vast deserts, tropical rainforests, grasslands, and heathlands. The Western Plateau, a flat and arid region, rises into mountain ranges in the west. The Eastern Highlands, or Great Dividing Range, separates the eastern coastal plain from the rest of the continent, providing the most rainfall, abundant flora and fauna, and the densest human settlement.
Human Geography
Australia's population is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts, with nearly 80% living within 25 km of the coastline. Canberra, the capital, is the largest inland city. Despite its size, Australia's population density of 3.3/km2 is among the lowest globally. The country has a significant immigrant population, with England, India, China, and New Zealand as the primary countries of origin.
Climate
Arid and semi-arid conditions dominate the majority of Australia. Deserts cover 18% of the mainland, with additional areas experiencing a desert climate. The southeastern and southwestern corners offer temperate climates and moderately fertile soil. The north exhibits a tropical climate, including rainforests, grasslands, and desert. Rainfall is variable, with frequent droughts occurring due to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Rising salinity and desertification pose challenges in some areas.
Regions
Australia's continental landmass is divided into six distinct landform divisions: the Eastern Highlands, Eastern alluvial Plains and Lowlands, South Australian Highlands, Western Plateau, Central Deserts, and Northern Plateau and Basins. Each region has unique geological and ecological characteristics.
Natural Disasters
Cyclones, bushfires, heatwaves, droughts, and floods are common natural disasters in Australia. These events can cause widespread damage and loss of life. Australia experiences earthquakes on a small scale, with most being of low magnitude and causing minimal impact. The Great Barrier Reef, a major tourist attraction, faces threats from climate change, shipping, and pollution.