Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), or Indus Civilization, flourished in the northwestern regions of South Asia, spanning present-day Pakistan, northwestern India, and eastern Afghanistan. It thrived from around 3300 to 1300 BCE, with its mature phase lasting from 2600 to 1900 BCE.
Key Features
- Urban planning, featuring grid-like cities with multiple non-residential structures.
- Baked brick houses and sophisticated drainage and water supply systems.
- Harappa and Mohenjo-daro among the largest urban centers, housing up to 60,000 people.
- Economic activities included agriculture, handicraft, and trade.
- Advanced technology, with evidence of metallurgy and standardized weights and measures.
- Undeciphered script and a diverse range of art and crafts.
Evidence and Discovery
Excavations since the early 20th century have uncovered over 1,000 IVC sites, mostly concentrated along the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river systems. The discovery of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro played a significant role in establishing the civilization's existence.
Decline and Legacy
Around 1900 BCE, the IVC experienced a gradual decline, with the abandonment of major urban centers and a shift towards smaller settlements. Climate change, drought, and migration are among the proposed causes. However, elements of the IVC culture continued to influence subsequent civilizations in the region.
Research and Interpretation
The Indus Valley Civilization remains a topic of active research and interpretation. Scholars have studied its urban planning, economy, technology, art, and society. The undeciphered script and the reasons for the civilization's decline are ongoing subjects of investigation.
Importance
The IVC was one of the earliest civilizations in the world, demonstrating sophisticated urban structures, social hierarchies, and technological advancements. It played a formative role in the development of South Asian culture and remains an important subject of archaeological and historical study.